Peak Sun Hours in Livorno, Tuscany, Italy
- Solar zone
- Zone 3 (good)
- Best month
- July (7.2)
- Worst month
- December (1.4)
- Climate
- Temperate · 15.6°C
Monthly solar breakdown
| Month | GHI | Clear-sky | DNI | DHI | Temp °C | Humid % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1.58 | 2.37 | 2.68 | 0.74 | 6.7 | 84 |
| Feb | 2.44 | 3.48 | 3.38 | 1.07 | 7.3 | 81 |
| Mar | 3.69 | 5.00 | 3.97 | 1.60 | 10.1 | 79 |
| Apr | 5.04 | 6.52 | 4.64 | 2.13 | 13.6 | 76 |
| May | 6.17 | 7.66 | 5.35 | 2.53 | 17.8 | 71 |
| Jun | 7.06 | 8.12 | 6.59 | 2.47 | 22.6 | 64 |
| Jul | 7.22 | 7.84 | 7.46 | 2.11 | 25.5 | 59 |
| Aug | 6.21 | 6.84 | 6.65 | 1.93 | 25.4 | 61 |
| Sep | 4.58 | 5.41 | 5.19 | 1.67 | 21.2 | 66 |
| Oct | 2.94 | 3.86 | 3.78 | 1.25 | 16.8 | 76 |
| Nov | 1.74 | 2.57 | 2.64 | 0.84 | 11.9 | 83 |
| Dec | 1.36 | 2.04 | 2.57 | 0.62 | 8.0 | 84 |
GHI, Clear-sky, DNI, DHI in kWh/m²/day. Data: NASA POWER climatology (long-term monthly averages).
Off-grid calculator
Add appliances
- Add an appliance to size a system.
Sizing
- Daily load
- 0.00 kWh
- Panel wattage
- 0 W
- Panel count (400W modules)
- 0
- Battery bank
- 0.0 kWh
Sizing against worst-month PSH of 1.36 kWh/m²/day, 0.77 system efficiency.
About solar in Livorno
Livorno, Italy has a temperate climate with meaningful seasonal variation in solar resource. Its annual peak sun hours average 4.17 kWh/m²/day, a good solar resource by global standards.
The strongest month in Livorno is July (summer) at 7.22 kWh/m²/day, and the weakest is December (winter) at 1.36 kWh/m²/day. When sizing a year-round off-grid system, it's standard practice to design against the December value rather than the annual average — otherwise the battery bank runs low during the darkest weeks.
Livorno's solar conditions are well within the range where off-grid PV is a straightforward engineering exercise with standard-sized arrays and lithium batteries.
FAQ
- What are the peak sun hours in Livorno?
- Livorno averages 4.17 peak sun hours per day annually, ranging from 1.36 in December to 7.22 in July.
- How many solar panels do I need in Livorno?
- Panel count depends on your daily load. At Livorno's annual average of 4.17 kWh/m²/day, a 5 kWh/day load needs roughly 4 × 400 W panels. Use the calculator above for your actual load.
- What size battery do I need in Livorno?
- Sizing against Livorno's worst month (December, 1.36 kWh/m²/day) with 2 days of autonomy at 80% depth of discharge, a 5 kWh/day load needs about a 12.5 kWh battery bank.
- How does Livorno's solar resource compare globally?
- Livorno sits in solar zone 3 out of 5 (where 5 is strongest) at 4.17 kWh/m²/day — good by global standards. For reference, top-tier desert sites average ~6.5 and high-latitude cities around 2.5 kWh/m²/day.
- How much does winter reduce solar output in Livorno?
- Livorno's worst month (December) delivers 1.36 kWh/m²/day — about 19% of the summer peak of 7.22. Off-grid systems here typically oversize 1.5–2× or pair with a backup source.
- Do cloudy days significantly affect Livorno's solar?
- Partly. Diffuse light still produces 10–25% of clear-sky output. Livorno's 4.17 kWh/m²/day already reflects average cloudiness, so no further derating is needed for sizing.
- What panel tilt works best in Livorno?
- At Livorno's latitude (44°), a fixed tilt near 44° balances year-round yield. Winter-heavy loads favor latitude + 15°; summer-heavy, latitude − 15°.